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- Parames Chutima
Prof. Parames Chutima, Ph.D.
- 8th Floor of Engineering 4 Bldg., Room 810
- +66-2218-6847
- parames.c@chula.ac.th
Education
Ph.D. Manufacturing Engineering and Operations Management
University of Nottingham, England, 1995
M.Eng. Electrical Engineering
Chulalongkorn University, Thailand, 1989
M.Eng. Industrail Engineering & Management
Asian Institute of Technology, Thailand, 1988
B.Eng. Electrical Engineering (Honours Degree)
Chulalongkorn University, Thailand, 1986
Expertise
Engineering Management
Manufacturing & Service Systems
Publications
2025
Kantawatchr Chaiprabha, Gridsada Phanomchoeng, Parames Chutima, Ninshu Ma, Kaamutsup Sungkaksem, Setthibhak Suthithanakom, Ratchatin Chancharoen
Advancing Industry 5.0: Collaborative Welding Robotics With Precision, Safety, and Flexibility Journal Article
In: IEEE Access, vol. 13, pp. 124734 – 124751, 2025, ISSN: 21693536, (Cited by: 0).
@article{Chaiprabha2025124734,
title = {Advancing Industry 5.0: Collaborative Welding Robotics With Precision, Safety, and Flexibility},
author = {Kantawatchr Chaiprabha and Gridsada Phanomchoeng and Parames Chutima and Ninshu Ma and Kaamutsup Sungkaksem and Setthibhak Suthithanakom and Ratchatin Chancharoen},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-105010974144&doi=10.1109%2fACCESS.2025.3588515&partnerID=40&md5=6f03438cbeb02c50ebb4c142610da7ec},
doi = {10.1109/ACCESS.2025.3588515},
issn = {21693536},
year = {2025},
date = {2025-01-01},
journal = {IEEE Access},
volume = {13},
pages = {124734 – 124751},
publisher = {Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.},
abstract = {This study presents a digital twin-based seam correction framework for collaborative robotic laser welding. The framework addresses key manufacturing challenges, including dimensional inconsistencies, motion inversion, and lightweight part deformation, which significantly impact welding quality. Digital twin technology enables comprehensive analysis and supports real-time deviation monitoring and compensation. Experimental results demonstrate a reduction in maximum seam deviation from 2.9 mm to <0.2 mm, achieving an average deviation <0.1 mm. The system ensures precise laser beam positioning, leading to waterproof welding. Bézier curves are used in the seam correction, providing a flexible and scalable approach. This research contributes to improving welding accuracy and adaptability in flexible production environments while minimizing resource consumption and material waste. © 2013 IEEE.},
note = {Cited by: 0},
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This study presents a digital twin-based seam correction framework for collaborative robotic laser welding. The framework addresses key manufacturing challenges, including dimensional inconsistencies, motion inversion, and lightweight part deformation, which significantly impact welding quality. Digital twin technology enables comprehensive analysis and supports real-time deviation monitoring and compensation. Experimental results demonstrate a reduction in maximum seam deviation from 2.9 mm to <0.2 mm, achieving an average deviation <0.1 mm. The system ensures precise laser beam positioning, leading to waterproof welding. Bézier curves are used in the seam correction, providing a flexible and scalable approach. This research contributes to improving welding accuracy and adaptability in flexible production environments while minimizing resource consumption and material waste. © 2013 IEEE.
Panathorn Kankaew, Parames Chutima
Utilizing Six Sigma for Effective Pore Defect Reduction in Plastic Water Tanks Journal Article
In: Key Engineering Materials, vol. 1016, pp. 105 – 112, 2025, ISSN: 10139826, (Cited by: 0).
@article{Kankaew2025105,
title = {Utilizing Six Sigma for Effective Pore Defect Reduction in Plastic Water Tanks},
author = {Panathorn Kankaew and Parames Chutima},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-105009237652&doi=10.4028%2fp-S08yFc&partnerID=40&md5=6b0e1815d436ff9d84da28355632c5f8},
doi = {10.4028/p-S08yFc},
issn = {10139826},
year = {2025},
date = {2025-01-01},
journal = {Key Engineering Materials},
volume = {1016},
pages = {105 – 112},
publisher = {Trans Tech Publications Ltd},
abstract = {Plastic water tanks made from FDA-approved Polyethylene (PE) are widely used due to their advantageous qualities, including being free of heavy metals, UV-stable, odorless, durable, and suitable for food-grade applications. A rotational molding process creates a smooth inner surface without corners, reducing dirt adhesion. However, a case study revealed pore defects on the outer surface of the tanks, compromising UV stability and customer satisfaction. This study aims to address these pore defects by establishing new standards and improving both internal processes and external factors affecting mold heating. Utilizing Six Sigma methodology, the study employs data analysis and design of experiments (DOE) to identify and regulate critical parameters affecting the manufacturing process. The Six Sigma approach, which encompasses the Define, Measure, Analyze, Improve, and Control (DMAIC) phases, was applied to enhance process capability, minimize variations and machine errors, reduce waste, and increase customer satisfaction. By effectively addressing the root causes of porosity defects, the study aims to improve processes and enhance product quality. © 2025 Trans Tech Publications Ltd, All Rights Reserved.},
note = {Cited by: 0},
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pubstate = {published},
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Plastic water tanks made from FDA-approved Polyethylene (PE) are widely used due to their advantageous qualities, including being free of heavy metals, UV-stable, odorless, durable, and suitable for food-grade applications. A rotational molding process creates a smooth inner surface without corners, reducing dirt adhesion. However, a case study revealed pore defects on the outer surface of the tanks, compromising UV stability and customer satisfaction. This study aims to address these pore defects by establishing new standards and improving both internal processes and external factors affecting mold heating. Utilizing Six Sigma methodology, the study employs data analysis and design of experiments (DOE) to identify and regulate critical parameters affecting the manufacturing process. The Six Sigma approach, which encompasses the Define, Measure, Analyze, Improve, and Control (DMAIC) phases, was applied to enhance process capability, minimize variations and machine errors, reduce waste, and increase customer satisfaction. By effectively addressing the root causes of porosity defects, the study aims to improve processes and enhance product quality. © 2025 Trans Tech Publications Ltd, All Rights Reserved.
2024
Parames Chutima, Chayanee Prakong
In-house part supply logistics optimisation based on the workforce’s ergonomic strain and environmental considerations Journal Article
In: International Journal of Industrial and Systems Engineering, vol. 47, no. 3, pp. 271 – 310, 2024, ISSN: 17485037, (Cited by: 0).
@article{Chutima2024271,
title = {In-house part supply logistics optimisation based on the workforce’s ergonomic strain and environmental considerations},
author = {Parames Chutima and Chayanee Prakong},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85198020619&doi=10.1504%2fIJISE.2024.139553&partnerID=40&md5=05e25a7b92bc012a4966d908ba26be76},
doi = {10.1504/IJISE.2024.139553},
issn = {17485037},
year = {2024},
date = {2024-01-01},
journal = {International Journal of Industrial and Systems Engineering},
volume = {47},
number = {3},
pages = {271 – 310},
publisher = {Inderscience Publishers},
abstract = {This paper focused on in-house part supply logistics adopted by an automotive manufacturer to make just-in-time deliveries of parts from a supermarket to mixed-model serpentine-shaped assembly lines without shortage. Five objectives are optimised simultaneously, i.e., minimising the total number of tours, minimising the number of tow train drivers, minimising the energy expenditure load discrepancy among tow train drivers, minimising the total inventory kept at the border of the line and minimising the total PM2.5 emission released by a fleet of tow trains. The mathematical model is formulated for the problem. Due to its NP-hard in nature, multi-objective metaheuristics have to be developed for solving practical-sized problem instances. As a result, the non-dominated sorting teaching-learning-based optimisation III (NSTLBO III) which is a hybrid of the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm III (NSGA III) and teaching-learning-based optimisation (TLBO) is proposed to solve the problem. The results show that NSTLBO III outperforms NSGA III and the multi-objective evolutionary algorithm based on decomposition (MOEA/D) in terms of qualitative, convergence-related and comprehensive metrics. Copyright © 2024 Inderscience Enterprises Ltd.},
note = {Cited by: 0},
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pubstate = {published},
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This paper focused on in-house part supply logistics adopted by an automotive manufacturer to make just-in-time deliveries of parts from a supermarket to mixed-model serpentine-shaped assembly lines without shortage. Five objectives are optimised simultaneously, i.e., minimising the total number of tours, minimising the number of tow train drivers, minimising the energy expenditure load discrepancy among tow train drivers, minimising the total inventory kept at the border of the line and minimising the total PM2.5 emission released by a fleet of tow trains. The mathematical model is formulated for the problem. Due to its NP-hard in nature, multi-objective metaheuristics have to be developed for solving practical-sized problem instances. As a result, the non-dominated sorting teaching-learning-based optimisation III (NSTLBO III) which is a hybrid of the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm III (NSGA III) and teaching-learning-based optimisation (TLBO) is proposed to solve the problem. The results show that NSTLBO III outperforms NSGA III and the multi-objective evolutionary algorithm based on decomposition (MOEA/D) in terms of qualitative, convergence-related and comprehensive metrics. Copyright © 2024 Inderscience Enterprises Ltd.
Parames Chutima
Preface Conference
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2024, ISBN: 979-835038636-3, (Cited by: 0).
@conference{Chutima2024VIII,
title = {Preface},
author = {Parames Chutima},
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doi = {10.1109/IEAI62569.2024.00005},
isbn = {979-835038636-3},
year = {2024},
date = {2024-01-01},
journal = {Proceedings - 2024 5th International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Artificial Intelligence, IEAI 2024},
pages = {VIII},
publisher = {Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.},
note = {Cited by: 0},
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Jirayu Pudpuang, Parames Chutima
Multi-Criteria Decision Making for Strategic Outsource in Semiconductor Industry Conference
Association for Computing Machinery, 2024, ISBN: 979-840071713-0, (Cited by: 0).
@conference{Pudpuang2024309,
title = {Multi-Criteria Decision Making for Strategic Outsource in Semiconductor Industry},
author = {Jirayu Pudpuang and Parames Chutima},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85202749099&doi=10.1145%2f3664968.3665010&partnerID=40&md5=fc807b03bb6f0b1bf21cdd440ce8345f},
doi = {10.1145/3664968.3665010},
isbn = {979-840071713-0},
year = {2024},
date = {2024-01-01},
journal = {ACM International Conference Proceeding Series},
pages = {309 – 318},
publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
abstract = {The paper presents a novel approach for selecting strategic outsourced suppliers in the semiconductor industry using a hybrid fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and fuzzy Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS). This methodology addresses the ambiguity and uncertainty in human judgment, making decision-making more practical and effective. The method's application in a case study significantly reduced revenue loss and yielded benefits like cost savings and improved delivery and quality performance. The study underscores the efficacy of this hybrid method in complex supplier selection in the semiconductor sector. © 2024 Owner/Author.},
note = {Cited by: 0},
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pubstate = {published},
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The paper presents a novel approach for selecting strategic outsourced suppliers in the semiconductor industry using a hybrid fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and fuzzy Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS). This methodology addresses the ambiguity and uncertainty in human judgment, making decision-making more practical and effective. The method’s application in a case study significantly reduced revenue loss and yielded benefits like cost savings and improved delivery and quality performance. The study underscores the efficacy of this hybrid method in complex supplier selection in the semiconductor sector. © 2024 Owner/Author.
Parames Chutima
Preface Conference
Association for Computing Machinery, 2024, ISBN: 979-840071713-0, (Cited by: 0).
@conference{Chutima2024vii,
title = {Preface},
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year = {2024},
date = {2024-01-01},
journal = {ACM International Conference Proceeding Series},
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publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
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Tanat Ngaorungsi, Parames Chutima
Operational Process Improvement for Outpatient Services at a Private Medium-Sized Hospital Journal Article
In: Engineering Journal, vol. 28, no. 2, pp. 29 – 65, 2024, ISSN: 01258281, (Cited by: 2; All Open Access, Gold Open Access).
@article{Ngaorungsi202429,
title = {Operational Process Improvement for Outpatient Services at a Private Medium-Sized Hospital},
author = {Tanat Ngaorungsi and Parames Chutima},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85186882448&doi=10.4186%2fej.2024.28.2.29&partnerID=40&md5=08c5ba34eaeef2802350079b6c2af604},
doi = {10.4186/ej.2024.28.2.29},
issn = {01258281},
year = {2024},
date = {2024-01-01},
journal = {Engineering Journal},
volume = {28},
number = {2},
pages = {29 – 65},
publisher = {Chulalongkorn University, Faculty of Fine and Applied Arts},
abstract = {This study is dedicated to enhancing the efficiency and efficacy of a medium-sized community hospital's services, which have limited space and experience a high volume of visits from diverse patient types with distinct service processes. The hospital challenges meeting the waiting time Key Performance Indicator (KPI) primarily from internal factors. The research methodology involves a comprehensive approach, encompassing the collection of qualitative and quantitative data, interviews with hospital staff, on-site observations, and a detailed examination of processing times at each step within the outpatient department. Upon data analysis, the study identifies and categorises key issues within the current Outpatient Department (OPD). These issues are encapsulated in three main categories, i.e., the unavailability of doctors during critical periods, insufficient staff for document delivery, and ineffective communication. Addressing the imperative of minimising patient system dwell time, a key competitive objective in the healthcare sector, this article is dedicated to identifying and implementing tools within a Lean framework. Tools such as root cause analysis, Poka-Yoke, and visual control are identified and implemented to optimise outpatient operations. Using simulation software, quantitative data is utilised to simulate and evaluate the outpatient process. The simulation results underscore significant periods during which doctors are absent, and an imbalance in workforce distribution emerges as a bottleneck. From a Lean perspective, recommendations are formulated to address these issues, emphasising the need for schedule balancing and minimising batch size through a proposed document method. The efficacy of these recommendations is subsequently validated using the simulation models. Through a series of optimisations and experiments, the average time in the system of social security patients has demonstrated a noteworthy reduction from 1,999 seconds to 1,820 seconds, reflecting an 8% improvement. © 2024, Chulalongkorn University, Faculty of Fine and Applied Arts. All rights reserved.},
note = {Cited by: 2; All Open Access, Gold Open Access},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
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This study is dedicated to enhancing the efficiency and efficacy of a medium-sized community hospital’s services, which have limited space and experience a high volume of visits from diverse patient types with distinct service processes. The hospital challenges meeting the waiting time Key Performance Indicator (KPI) primarily from internal factors. The research methodology involves a comprehensive approach, encompassing the collection of qualitative and quantitative data, interviews with hospital staff, on-site observations, and a detailed examination of processing times at each step within the outpatient department. Upon data analysis, the study identifies and categorises key issues within the current Outpatient Department (OPD). These issues are encapsulated in three main categories, i.e., the unavailability of doctors during critical periods, insufficient staff for document delivery, and ineffective communication. Addressing the imperative of minimising patient system dwell time, a key competitive objective in the healthcare sector, this article is dedicated to identifying and implementing tools within a Lean framework. Tools such as root cause analysis, Poka-Yoke, and visual control are identified and implemented to optimise outpatient operations. Using simulation software, quantitative data is utilised to simulate and evaluate the outpatient process. The simulation results underscore significant periods during which doctors are absent, and an imbalance in workforce distribution emerges as a bottleneck. From a Lean perspective, recommendations are formulated to address these issues, emphasising the need for schedule balancing and minimising batch size through a proposed document method. The efficacy of these recommendations is subsequently validated using the simulation models. Through a series of optimisations and experiments, the average time in the system of social security patients has demonstrated a noteworthy reduction from 1,999 seconds to 1,820 seconds, reflecting an 8% improvement. © 2024, Chulalongkorn University, Faculty of Fine and Applied Arts. All rights reserved.
Piyanoot Singhakachen, Parames Chutima, Supachai Doungtongpol, Ronnachai Tantiwiwat
In: Engineering Journal, vol. 28, no. 8, pp. 99 – 116, 2024, ISSN: 01258281, (Cited by: 0; All Open Access, Gold Open Access).
@article{Singhakachen202499,
title = {Shortening the Cycle Time of the Fiber Ribbon Orientation Process for Wavelength Selective Switch Production using Design for Assembly and Disassembly Concepts},
author = {Piyanoot Singhakachen and Parames Chutima and Supachai Doungtongpol and Ronnachai Tantiwiwat},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85204177091&doi=10.4186%2fej.2024.28.8.99&partnerID=40&md5=b0ace11c674769100e3390fedc4ae374},
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year = {2024},
date = {2024-01-01},
journal = {Engineering Journal},
volume = {28},
number = {8},
pages = {99 – 116},
publisher = {Chulalongkorn University, Faculty of Fine and Applied Arts},
abstract = {The primary objective of the research was to shorten the cycle time of a particular process used in producing a new Wavelength Selective Switch (WSS) product by a multinational electronic manufacturing corporation. In recent years, the case study company has encountered difficulties with process cycle time exceeding predefined takt time when establishing a new production process for the freshly launched item. To identify areas for improvement, the study leveraged industrial engineering techniques, such as the Yamazumi Chart, line balancing (workload leveling) analysis, and method time measurement. After the production process data was thoroughly analysed, cycle time reduction opportunities emerged. After that, the jig design used in the present investigation was developed based on the highly effective and widely recognized mechanical engineering concepts of Design for Assembly (DFA) and Design for Disassembly (DFD). The aim was to confidently eliminate non-value-added processes in the fiber ribbon orientation step, resulting in increased efficiency and improved outcomes. The study reported a significant reduction of 87% in the cycle time required. The results also demonstrated that implementing certain methodologies could reduce the cycle time. In addition, this finding held significant importance for the industry, as it could lead to increased efficiency and productivity, ultimately leading to cost savings of 12% of its total production. © 2024, Chulalongkorn University, Faculty of Fine and Applied Arts. All rights reserved.},
note = {Cited by: 0; All Open Access, Gold Open Access},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
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The primary objective of the research was to shorten the cycle time of a particular process used in producing a new Wavelength Selective Switch (WSS) product by a multinational electronic manufacturing corporation. In recent years, the case study company has encountered difficulties with process cycle time exceeding predefined takt time when establishing a new production process for the freshly launched item. To identify areas for improvement, the study leveraged industrial engineering techniques, such as the Yamazumi Chart, line balancing (workload leveling) analysis, and method time measurement. After the production process data was thoroughly analysed, cycle time reduction opportunities emerged. After that, the jig design used in the present investigation was developed based on the highly effective and widely recognized mechanical engineering concepts of Design for Assembly (DFA) and Design for Disassembly (DFD). The aim was to confidently eliminate non-value-added processes in the fiber ribbon orientation step, resulting in increased efficiency and improved outcomes. The study reported a significant reduction of 87% in the cycle time required. The results also demonstrated that implementing certain methodologies could reduce the cycle time. In addition, this finding held significant importance for the industry, as it could lead to increased efficiency and productivity, ultimately leading to cost savings of 12% of its total production. © 2024, Chulalongkorn University, Faculty of Fine and Applied Arts. All rights reserved.
Krit Kosanantachai, Parames Chutima, Kwanrat Suangpong
Association for Computing Machinery, 2024, ISBN: 979-840071713-0, (Cited by: 0).
@conference{Kosanantachai2024174,
title = {Structural equation model for planning time management of electric buses to utilize and promote tourism services in Bangkok},
author = {Krit Kosanantachai and Parames Chutima and Kwanrat Suangpong},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85202746912&doi=10.1145%2f3664968.3664990&partnerID=40&md5=8056741981e4af9ced90b8d823512af6},
doi = {10.1145/3664968.3664990},
isbn = {979-840071713-0},
year = {2024},
date = {2024-01-01},
journal = {ACM International Conference Proceeding Series},
pages = {174 – 180},
publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
abstract = {Time management enhances the efficiency and effectiveness, particularly in fleet management. Due to the fact that the electric buses have been used for shuttle service during specific or rush hours, idle time emerges. This research investigates on how time management of electric buses can be applied for tourist service in Bangkok. The essential data collect from tourism service operators and tour guides throughout Bangkok. Consequently, data were analyzed using exploratory and confirmatory factors. The findings have found that they consist of four elements of factor. In fact, the first one is electric buses information, second is integrated services, followed by tourist management and service management respectively. To facilitate the planning of time management for electric buses deployed in tourism services in Bangkok, a structural equation model was specifically developed in this research. This proposed model aims to strengthen the understanding of the intricacies associated with time management for electric buses utilized as tourist services, ultimately fostering the establishment of sustainable tourism practices. In addition, the beneficial results from the proposed model corresponds to confirmatory factor analysis (X2 =1055.943},
note = {Cited by: 0},
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Time management enhances the efficiency and effectiveness, particularly in fleet management. Due to the fact that the electric buses have been used for shuttle service during specific or rush hours, idle time emerges. This research investigates on how time management of electric buses can be applied for tourist service in Bangkok. The essential data collect from tourism service operators and tour guides throughout Bangkok. Consequently, data were analyzed using exploratory and confirmatory factors. The findings have found that they consist of four elements of factor. In fact, the first one is electric buses information, second is integrated services, followed by tourist management and service management respectively. To facilitate the planning of time management for electric buses deployed in tourism services in Bangkok, a structural equation model was specifically developed in this research. This proposed model aims to strengthen the understanding of the intricacies associated with time management for electric buses utilized as tourist services, ultimately fostering the establishment of sustainable tourism practices. In addition, the beneficial results from the proposed model corresponds to confirmatory factor analysis (X2 =1055.943
Thitisub Sriwalo, Parames Chutima
Association for Computing Machinery, 2024, ISBN: 979-840071713-0, (Cited by: 0).
@conference{Sriwalo2024380,
title = {Application of Computerized Six Sigma Approach to Minimize Dewetting defects in a printed circuit board assembly process},
author = {Thitisub Sriwalo and Parames Chutima},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85202700988&doi=10.1145%2f3664968.3666116&partnerID=40&md5=6901f7cf437a97337ed5d12495411b1f},
doi = {10.1145/3664968.3666116},
isbn = {979-840071713-0},
year = {2024},
date = {2024-01-01},
journal = {ACM International Conference Proceeding Series},
pages = {380 – 385},
publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
abstract = {The objective of this research is to reduce the defects in the manufacturing of Printed Circuit Board (PCB) Assembly according to the case study company's issue. The defects from this process must be repaired by the operator and the repairing process becomes waste. The defects occur from the PCB assembly with the Reflow soldering process. The Six Sigma approach with the Design, Measure, Analyze, Improve, and Control (DMAIC) methodology is applied to define the problem and make the main problem focused. The defects are collected as data from the Daily Process Confirmation Record. The cause-and-effect diagram is used to clarify the possible factors to examine. Furthermore, the Design of the Experiment is applied to analyze the significant factors that cause the defects. The 2k Centre points design is used to test the significance of factors. It is observed that after changing only one factor, i.e. solder paste's preparation, the defects are reduced from 5.80% to 0.00%. Not only are the defects reduced significantly but also the man-hour is reduced too. Furthermore, it is anticipated that the repair time will be reduced from 116 hours to less than 50 hours. © 2024 Owner/Author.},
note = {Cited by: 0},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
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The objective of this research is to reduce the defects in the manufacturing of Printed Circuit Board (PCB) Assembly according to the case study company’s issue. The defects from this process must be repaired by the operator and the repairing process becomes waste. The defects occur from the PCB assembly with the Reflow soldering process. The Six Sigma approach with the Design, Measure, Analyze, Improve, and Control (DMAIC) methodology is applied to define the problem and make the main problem focused. The defects are collected as data from the Daily Process Confirmation Record. The cause-and-effect diagram is used to clarify the possible factors to examine. Furthermore, the Design of the Experiment is applied to analyze the significant factors that cause the defects. The 2k Centre points design is used to test the significance of factors. It is observed that after changing only one factor, i.e. solder paste’s preparation, the defects are reduced from 5.80% to 0.00%. Not only are the defects reduced significantly but also the man-hour is reduced too. Furthermore, it is anticipated that the repair time will be reduced from 116 hours to less than 50 hours. © 2024 Owner/Author.